Annotation:Dubuque

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X:1 T:Dubuque M:C| L:1/8 K:D A,B,DE D2 DE|FABF A4|BAdA BAFE|1 DEFD ED B,:|2 DFED D4|| F A2 F A2 BA|FE D2 B,2 D2|A B2 A B2 de|dBAG FG A2| F A2 F A2 BA|FE D2 B,2 DE|F2 FD EDB,G,|A,B,DE D4||

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DUBUQUE. AKA and see "Bob Walker," "Duck River," "Fiddling Phil," "Five Miles Out of Town (1)," "Five Miles from Town (2)," "General Lee," "Going Down to Maysville," "Hell on the Nine Mile," "Hell Up Coal Holler (2)," "Lighthouse," "Ma Ferguson," "Mabel," "Muddy Road to Kansas," "Old Dubuque," "Phiddlin' Phil," "Sally in the Green Corn," "Texas Traveler," "Trouble on the Nine Mile," "Village Hornpipe." American, Reel. USA; Missouri, Nebraska. D Major. Standard tuning (fiddle). AB (Silberberg): AABB (Brody): AABBAAB'B' (Phillips). The Mississippi River city of Dubuque, Iowa, takes its name from Sieur Julien Dubuque, a French-Canadian who was one of the first white men to settle the area, which at that time was under the control of the Fox tribe of Native Americans and the Spanish monarchy. Dubuque dealt successfully with both, obtaining permission to mine lead in the latter 18th century. He befriended a local Mesquakie Chief named Peosta, and perhaps married his daughter, Potosa. Dubuque died in 1810 and was buried on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River, just south of the town that bears his name. Interestingly, fiddler and musicologist Paul Tyler finds historical reference a man named Dubuque, a fiddler and dancer in M.M. Hoffman's Antique Dubuque: 1793-1833:

Naturally one would expect that such a wealthy and powerful personage would make somewhat of an impression on the inhabitants of the little city of St. Louis when he visited there. And such was the case. Antoine Soulard, who became the Surveyor General for the district of Upper Louisiana in 1795, was the friend and business representative of Dubuque at St. Louis. His son, James G. Soulard, born in 1798, in later years moved to Galena and there resided as a prominent citizen for many years. This pioneer had the good fortune to meet Dubuque and he has left with us perhaps the best picture obtainable of the great Miner of the Mines of Spain. He described Julien Dubuque as he appeared in middle life, as "a man below the usual stature, of black hare and eyes, wiry and well-built, capable of great endurance and remarkably courteous and polite, with all the suavity and grace of the typical Frenchman. To the ladies he was always the essence of politeness." Mr. Soulard well remembered that on the occasion of one of Dubuque's visits, a ball was given in his honor, attended by all the prominent people of the place. It was held in a public hall, in the second story of a building, and he as a small boy had crowded in to see the sights. At one point of the festivities the Sieur Dubuque took a violin from one of the performers and executed a dance to the strains of his own music, which was considered a great accomplishment, and was received with tremendous applause.

The reel "Dubuque," or "Old Dubuque," is a representative of a large tune family that appears to have its greatest currency in the Midwest, although can be found in other regions. There are numerous variants and titles (see above), but most have the general contour and most have the characteristic first few measures of the first strain. Some variants have a different second strain grafted onto the more common first strain. The earliest printed versions appear in Elias Howe's mid-19th century collection as Village Hornpipe <div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/w/images/lilypond/1/h/1hbtdg12sa2du1oc234pvm3uszj2zm2/1hbtdg12.midi"><img src="/w/images/lilypond/1/h/1hbtdg12sa2du1oc234pvm3uszj2zm2/1hbtdg12.png" width="692" height="68" alt=" X:1 M:2/4 L:1/8 K:D (3A,/B,/C/ | D>D D/F/E/F/ | D/F/A/B/ A(B/c/) | d/B/{c}B/A/ F/D/{F}E/D/ | (3B,B,B, (B,A,) | "/></div>," and Ira Ford's collection (1940) under the same title. See also the cognate first strain of blackface minstrel wikipedia:Dan Emmett's "Root Hog or Die (3)" and the first strain of "Hobb's Straight Jig" in Elias Howe's Musician's Omnibus Nos. 6 & 7 (Boston, c. 1880's). Some see relationships to the "Off to California" family of tunes. Tom Verdot believes it may be derived from an 1840's minstrel tune called "Coonie in the Holler" (Howard Marshall). Christeson says the tune is similar to "Phiddlin' Phil" in E.F. Adams Old Time Fiddlers Favorite Barn Dance Tunes for the Violin (1928). "Old Dubuque" is one of '100 essential Missouri tunes' listed by Missouri fiddler Charlie Walden. See also the related Five Miles Out of Town (1) <div class="mw-ext-score" data-midi="/w/images/lilypond/f/a/fa2iuf156l7z8dh85m3qxqlhkz9r4bw/fa2iuf15.midi"><img src="/w/images/lilypond/f/a/fa2iuf156l7z8dh85m3qxqlhkz9r4bw/fa2iuf15.png" width="684" height="59" alt=" X:1 M:C| L:1/8 K:D DB,|A,2 D2 DFEF|DEFA BFAc|d2cd BAFG|AFED B,DA,B,| "/></div> "Possum Up a Gum Stump (1)(, Connie in the Hollow)," "Over the Road to Maysville (2)," and the possibly related "Apple Blossom." "Muddy Road to Kansas" is an Illinois title for the melody. In addition, Gus Meade (2002) finds the following related tunes: "Sweet Ellen/Sweet Ellum (2)," "Lonesome Hill," "Hell Broke Loose in Georgia," and "Indian Eat the Woodpecker."

The earliest sound recording of the melody is by William B. Houchens (1923), under the title "Bob Walker," while Capt. Moses J. Bonner (1925) recorded it as "Ma Ferguson."

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